. Coast watch. Marine resources; Oceanography; Coastal zone management; Coastal ecology. gram have worked to establish funding, cooperative agreements and regional programs and initiatives aimed at pro- viding cost-effective methods for han- dling vessel debris. In many cases, individual vessel operators choose to ignore the restric- tions of the international treaty, claiming they don't have adequate equipment, space or personnel to hold or dispose of their wastes properly. Others claim ig- norance. Positively, however, many collectively owned vessels, such as cruise liners and shipping vesse
. Coast watch. Marine resources; Oceanography; Coastal zone management; Coastal ecology. gram have worked to establish funding, cooperative agreements and regional programs and initiatives aimed at pro- viding cost-effective methods for han- dling vessel debris. In many cases, individual vessel operators choose to ignore the restric- tions of the international treaty, claiming they don't have adequate equipment, space or personnel to hold or dispose of their wastes properly. Others claim ig- norance. Positively, however, many collectively owned vessels, such as cruise liners and shipping vessels, are being forced by company policy to ad- here to MARPOL Annex V. In some cases, these companies are financing new technology to handle shipboard wastes. Despite the feel-good reward of doing the right thing, there are few in- centives for vessel compliance and vir- tually no repercussions for noncompli- ance. Enforcement responsibility rests with the ratifying country, and in virtu- ally all countries this enforcement is cursory. Worldwide, coastal cities are a major land-based source of ocean litter. Urban debris washes off city streets, overflows from waste treatment plants during heavy rains and drains from industries. The debris varies from the cigarette filter tossed on the sidewalk to the plastic tampon applicator improperly flushed down the bathroom toilet to resin pellets used in the manufacture of plastic. If little is done to enforce waste restrictions, then survey methods must be developed to link the debris that washes ashore with its source. In the case of debris items such as foam cups and beverage cans, the sources are ubiq- uitous. But other items can be tenta- tively linked to their sources. Salt bags, bait boxes, fish baskets and net floats are associated with com- mercial fishing. Small containers of toiletries, shoe polish and plastic cups are indicative of cruise line garbage. Hard hats and plastic write protection rings used in seismic testing are cha
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionunclibra, booksubjectoceanography
