. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography Figure 1.—Honeycomb structure. 1925) (Terzaghi-Casagrande ture of sensitive soils very similar to Terzaghi's concept. This type of clay fabric is usually referred to as the Ter- zaghi-Casagrande honeycomb structure (fig. 1). Subsequent to Terzaghi's published work, Goldschxnidt (1926) proposed that clay properties were due to crystalline minerals en- closed by a film of adsorbed water molecules. The water molecules were considered to stick to each o
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography Figure 1.—Honeycomb structure. 1925) (Terzaghi-Casagrande ture of sensitive soils very similar to Terzaghi's concept. This type of clay fabric is usually referred to as the Ter- zaghi-Casagrande honeycomb structure (fig. 1). Subsequent to Terzaghi's published work, Goldschxnidt (1926) proposed that clay properties were due to crystalline minerals en- closed by a film of adsorbed water molecules. The water molecules were considered to stick to each other and to the mineral grains because of their dipolar moment. Gold- schmidt proposed that the flaky minerals of highly sensitive clays were arranged in an unstable cardhouse structure. This structure was assumed to have a dominance of particle edge-to-face contacts. Over 20 years later, Lambe (1953) presented schematic diagrams of clay mineral arrangements similar to Goldschmidt's concept of clay fabric (fig. 2). Lambe proposed that undisturbed marine clays had an open structure similar to the cardhouse structure; however, the fabric of fresh water clays was thought to be some- what denser (fig. 3). Remolded clay was assumed to have a high degree of parallelism between adjacent particles (fig. 4). The Goldschmidt-Lambe concept of cardhouse structure is clearly quite different from the Terzaghi-Casa- grande honeycomb concept. Rosenqvist (1955) and Bjerrum and Rosenqvist (1956) presented similar views of the card- house fabric; however, their means of optical light micro- scopy were not completely satisfactory for definitive con- clusions. The cardhouse fabric was also discussed and pro- posed by Hofmann as early as 1942, although his work was considerably later than Goldschmidt's initial studies. Lambe (1953) considered that the random arrangement (cardhouse fabric) of the particles occurs when clay sedi- ment enters salt water with a high electrolytic concentra- tion. Flocc
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