A system of surgery : theoretical and practical . pending ondistinct causes. Taking the convex sidefirst, the ribs radiate from the spine, likethe rays of a fan, so that the distal ends are separated and the intexcostal spaces en-larged ; but, in addition to this, they project backwards (see fig. 103). Looking next tothe concave side, the ribs converge, like the spokes of a wheel concentrating to theaxle, and their distal ends approximate; but, in addition, they advance it will be perceived how the right half of the chest, as looked on posteriorly,should be both abnormally expand
A system of surgery : theoretical and practical . pending ondistinct causes. Taking the convex sidefirst, the ribs radiate from the spine, likethe rays of a fan, so that the distal ends are separated and the intexcostal spaces en-larged ; but, in addition to this, they project backwards (see fig. 103). Looking next tothe concave side, the ribs converge, like the spokes of a wheel concentrating to theaxle, and their distal ends approximate; but, in addition, they advance it will be perceived how the right half of the chest, as looked on posteriorly,should be both abnormally expanded and protuberant; and the left both contractedand depressed. Again, it will be found, as might be anticipated, on turning the eyeto the front, that the anterior ends of the ribs and costal cartilages are flattenedor depressed on the convex or right side, and prominent on the left. The chestappears, therefore, as if the left half were moved forwards and outwards, and theright half backwards and inwards. The left mamma consequently presents more. SYMPTOMS OF SCOLIOSIS. 437 prominently outwards than natural (see fig. 104). These changes in the directions of theribs depend, it is obvious, on the analogous ones in the spine : the ribs being like theindicators on a dial plate, magnifying the movements at the centre. The radiationon the convex side results from the divergence of the aiiiculating surfaces appropri-ated to the ribs on that aspect of the spine, connected with the lateral incurvation,and the projection postei-iorly results from the rotation of the vertebrae on their longaxis. A similar explanation, but with the order of the changes reversed, applies tothe concave side.^ Shoidders.—From the scapulae being placed loosely on the summit of the chest,and retained in their places only by the muscles, and by their articulations with theclavicles, they are free to rise, sink, protrude or recede in conformity with the varia-tions in the forms of the chest. As the upper ribs, o
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