Monograph of the bombycine moths of North America, including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature . ters, the family stands much nearer the Arctiida than the Zygienida^ but yet is more generalized than the former. In the venation the group stands near the Arctiida-, i. e., the venation of the generalized Ctenucha approxi-mates that of Epic((llia rirf/inalis, whilt in Didasys and Syntomis the venation is more aberrant and modified; so also are the long-tufted larva^ of Syntomis and Cosmosoma, comjiared with that of Ctenucha, in which the tufts are shorter, less d
Monograph of the bombycine moths of North America, including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature . ters, the family stands much nearer the Arctiida than the Zygienida^ but yet is more generalized than the former. In the venation the group stands near the Arctiida-, i. e., the venation of the generalized Ctenucha approxi-mates that of Epic((llia rirf/inalis, whilt in Didasys and Syntomis the venation is more aberrant and modified; so also are the long-tufted larva^ of Syntomis and Cosmosoma, comjiared with that of Ctenucha, in which the tufts are shorter, less developed, and less specialized. A clew to the orujin of the (/eomctrid moths.—In examining the pupa of Pliri/fjaiiidid culifonrica, and finding the more essential features to be as much like those of the geometrid moths as any other group, I came upon results entirely nnexpected to myself and which givt- a clue to the origin of this great group of moths. It has become evident that Phryganidia can neitlicr be placed among the Zyga-nida- or Syntomida% though possessing some pterogostic features like those of the latter Fig. 46. —Pupa of Vhryfjauidia californk-a:of body, side view, with creniaster. o, anus: A, end 80 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Another fact considered was tbat the hirva of Mrlanchroin (.1/. ccphhe and M. geometroides),formerly associated with the Litliosiid:e, has been shown by Dewitz to be geometrids. Auotlier isthe absence of a pair of legs in the Nolidas which I find mnst, by their pupal and otlier characters,be regarded as a distinct family from the Lithosiida. Still another fact is the conclusion I havearrived at that the Lithosiida have almost directly descended from the TiueidaMir from an extinctgroup closely allied to them, and that from the Lithosiida have arisen not only the Dioptida^,perhaps including Thryganidia, the CyllopodidiE, and Hypsidie, but also the SyutoinidcP andNyctemerida, as well as the Arctiida-. On reexaminin
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