El Ni̱o Summer Impacts
El Ni̱o and La Ni̱a are the opposite phases of ENSO, which is short for El Ni̱o-Southern Oscillation. Operating in the tropical Pacific Ocean, ENSO is Earth's singlest most influential natural climate pattern. El Ni̱o and La Ni̱a alternately warm and cool large areas of the tropical Pacific - the world's largest ocean - which significantly influences where and how much it rains there. The primary location of moist, rising air is centered over the central or eastern Pacific during El Ni̱o and over Indonesia and the western Pacific during La Ni̱a. Like a boulder in a stream, this relocation disrupts the atmospheric circulation patterns that connect the tropics with the middle latitudes, which in turn modifies the mid-latitude jet streams. By modifying the jet streams, ENSO can affect temperature and precipitation across the United States and other parts of the world.
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