. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . fraction of habitat within the landscape 0 o o 0 ^ S9 Figure 14. Four aspects of the spatial relationship between habitat area and provisioning of pollination services. a) Both species richness (blue) and the rates of visitation by native pollinators (red) have been found to decline with distance to nearest habitat patch (Ricketts et al. 2008), and so presumably the benefits from pollination (in terms of crop yields) should also show a strong relationship with distance. b) Given a particular farm site (cross), pollination increases wi
. The economics of biodiversity loss: Scoping the science . fraction of habitat within the landscape 0 o o 0 ^ S9 Figure 14. Four aspects of the spatial relationship between habitat area and provisioning of pollination services. a) Both species richness (blue) and the rates of visitation by native pollinators (red) have been found to decline with distance to nearest habitat patch (Ricketts et al. 2008), and so presumably the benefits from pollination (in terms of crop yields) should also show a strong relationship with distance. b) Given a particular farm site (cross), pollination increases with the fraction of habitat (green) within km of the site's neighbourhood (after Kremen et al. 2004). c) Our prediction for the relationship between benefits obtained from pollination at the farm and the size of the habitat patch (green) adjacent to a particular farm site (purple): very small habitat patches (smaller than a minimum viable area for pollinators) may not have any effect; afterwards, pollination is predicted to increase rapidly with area, but then to stabilise as further increases in habitat happen correspond only to "core" area (dashed). d) Predicted relationship between the fraction of overall habitat area (green) within a landscape (square) and overall pollination services for the crop (purple; Morandin & Winston 2006): pollination values are zero if there is zero habitat for pollinators; pollination then increases as habitat area increases, but declines again as habitat expansion results in a decline in crop land at the interface with the habitat; for 100% natural habitat, pollination for crops has zero value. For a given overall area of natural/semi-natural habitat, pollination benefits may be higher (dashed line) or lower (solid line) depending on the spatial arrangement of the habitat patches. 51
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