. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . ale in color, the presence ofsugar is to be suspected; and when it risesabove 1040, sugar is almost certainly specific gravity is lowered by drinkingcopiously, by the effect of external cold, by adiet of vegetables and milk, and in generalby the same causes that make the urine , but not always, a urine containing a large amount of albuminis of low density. Pathologically, a low specific gravity is encountered in diabetes in-sipidus, in which it may fall nearly or quite to 1000 ; generally in th
. A practical treatise on medical diagnosis for students and physicians . ale in color, the presence ofsugar is to be suspected; and when it risesabove 1040, sugar is almost certainly specific gravity is lowered by drinkingcopiously, by the effect of external cold, by adiet of vegetables and milk, and in generalby the same causes that make the urine , but not always, a urine containing a large amount of albuminis of low density. Pathologically, a low specific gravity is encountered in diabetes in-sipidus, in which it may fall nearly or quite to 1000 ; generally in themiddle or quiescent period of chronic Brights disease; in the crisis offevers; in obstructive suppression; in hysterical attacks, and in hydro-nephrosis. Specific G-ravity as an Index of the Amount of Solids. If the last twofigures of the specific gravity be doubled, the sum will represent theamount of solid matter in 1000 grains of urine. This is Trappsmethod ; the estimate is only approximate, but it is useful. Of course, theurine for twenty-four hours must be Urinometer. (W- Simon.) URINARY SEDIMENTS. 631 Reaction. The reaction of hcaWti/ urine is usually aeid, but it maybe neutral or slightly alkaline about two hours after a meal of mixedfood. The acidity is tested with litmus-paper : the blue paper is turnedpurple or red by an acid, and the red paper is turned blue by an ])aper is to be preferred, as it is suitable for showing both reactions,an alkali turning it blue and an acid red. The acidity of the urine is iiicreaf^ed in gout, lithiasis, acute rheuma-tism, diabetes, chronic Brights disease, and as the result of the adminis-tration of vegetable or mineral acids. The urine is alkaline because of alkaline fermentation in the bladderin cystitis; from the presence of much blood or pus; from prolongedimmersion of the body in a cold bath ; in debilitating diseases and in somecases of nervous dyspepsia, and as the result of the internal administra-tion o
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