A supplement to Ures Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, : containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice. . y means of hot water. The charcoalis ready to be removed for revivification, which process is treated of farther on. Concentration.—The next process in sugar-refining is the evaporation of the clarifiedsyrup to the granulating or crystallizing point. The more rapidly this is effected, and theless the heat to which it is subjected, the better and greater is the product in apparatus answers the refiners double purpose of safety and expedition as we
A supplement to Ures Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines, : containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice. . y means of hot water. The charcoalis ready to be removed for revivification, which process is treated of farther on. Concentration.—The next process in sugar-refining is the evaporation of the clarifiedsyrup to the granulating or crystallizing point. The more rapidly this is effected, and theless the heat to which it is subjected, the better and greater is the product in apparatus answers the refiners double purpose of safety and expedition as well as thevacuum-pan. The vacuum-pan, invented by Howard, and patented in the year 1812, is an enclosedcopper vessel, heated by steam, passing through one or more copper coils, and a steam-jacket. The vapor arising from the boiling solution of sugar is condensed by an injectionof cold water, the arrangement of which, and the maintenance of a vacuum, closely resem-ble the condenser, injection, and air-pump of an ordinary condensing steam-engine. Fig. 634 shows the structure of a single vacuum-pan. The horizontal diameter of the. copper spheroid c c is from 7 to 10 feet; the depth of the under hemisphere A is at least2 feet from the level of the flange ; and the height of the dome-cover is from 3 to 5 two hemispheres (of which the iuferioi one is double, or has a steam-jacket) are puttogether by bolts and screws, to preserve the joints tight against atmospheric pressure. The steam enters through the valve f, travei-sing the copper coil d, and filling the steam-jacket, the condensed water issuing from a small pipe below, c represents the dome of thevacuum-pan, the vapor from which passing in the direction of N, allows any particles ofsugar carried over by the violence of the ebullition to be deposited in the receiver m. SUGAR. 1031 The vapor is condensed by jets of cold water issuing from a perforated pipe, and thewater, uncondensed vapor, and air are removed by the acti
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