. Forest mensuration. ge hole in woods other than cedar is one more than \ inch in diameter and3 inches deep within, or one more than 1 inch in diameter and 3 inches deep outsidethe sections of the tie between 20 and 40 inches from its middle. Numerous holesare any number equaling a large hole in damaging effect. A large knot is one exceeding in width more than \ of the width of the surfaceon which it appears; but such a knot may be allowed if it occurs outside the sectionsof the tie between 20 and 40 inches from its middle. Numerous knots are anynumber equaling a large knot in damaging effect
. Forest mensuration. ge hole in woods other than cedar is one more than \ inch in diameter and3 inches deep within, or one more than 1 inch in diameter and 3 inches deep outsidethe sections of the tie between 20 and 40 inches from its middle. Numerous holesare any number equaling a large hole in damaging effect. A large knot is one exceeding in width more than \ of the width of the surfaceon which it appears; but such a knot may be allowed if it occurs outside the sectionsof the tie between 20 and 40 inches from its middle. Numerous knots are anynumber equaling a large knot in damaging effect. , i THE MEASUREMENT OF PIECE PRODUCTS 475 third summerwood when averaging five or more rings of annual growth per inch, orwith not less than one-half summerwood in fewer rings, measured along any radiusfrom the pith to the top of the tie. Ties of coarse wood, with fewer rings or lesssummerwood, will be accepted when specially ordered. ^i -S- ^^Xo>i 1 0 1 D 1 ^J ^Tl L,^ ^i ^.i\ L^ 1 kiy lo I 11 a t o .1 . < k-i. Ties for use without preservative treatment shall not have sapwood wider thanone-fourth the width of the top of the tie between 20 and 40 inches from the middle,and will be designated as heart ties. Those with more sapwood will be desig-nated as sap ties. Manufacture. Ties should be made from trees which have been felled not longerthan one month. 476 APPENDIX B All ties shall be straight, well manufactured, ^ cut square at the ends, have bottomand top parallel, and have bark entirely removed. Dimensions. Before manufacturing ties, producers should ascertain which ofthe following grades will be accepted. All ties shall be eight (8) feet six (6) inches long. All ties shall measure as follows throughout both sections between 20 and 40inches from the middle of the tie. Grade Sawed or hewn top,bottom and sides Sawed or hewn topand bottom 12 3 45 None accepted 6 thick X7 wide on top 6 thick X_8 wide on top 7 thick X8 wide on top7 thick X9 wide on top 6 thick X6 wide on
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