. Railroad construction, theory and practice; a text-book for the use of students in colleges and technical schools . rtical space between the railsand the upper side of the clear opening, a feature which is oftenof prime importance. These designs are chiefly used for cul-verts or cattle-passes and for crossing over highwaj^s—providingsuch a narrow opening would be tolerated. The plans all implystone abutments, or at least abutments of sufficient stability towithstand all thrust of the embankments. Some of the designsare illustrated in Plate V. The preparation of these standarddesigns should b
. Railroad construction, theory and practice; a text-book for the use of students in colleges and technical schools . rtical space between the railsand the upper side of the clear opening, a feature which is oftenof prime importance. These designs are chiefly used for cul-verts or cattle-passes and for crossing over highwaj^s—providingsuch a narrow opening would be tolerated. The plans all implystone abutments, or at least abutments of sufficient stability towithstand all thrust of the embankments. Some of the designsare illustrated in Plate V. The preparation of these standarddesigns should be attacked by the same general methods asalready illustrated in § 190. When computing the required 264 RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION. § 230. transverse strength, due allowance should be made for lateralbracing, which should be amply provided for. Note particu-larly the methods of bracing illustrated in Plate V. The designscalling for iron (or steel) stringers may be classed as permanentconstructions, which are cheap, safe, easily inspected and main-tained, and therefore a desirable method of construction. 1^boLT EV!. 8 X 10 TIES, 14. 0 f- 10c-20*60
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