Spain/Al-Andalus: Chirurgical operation. Illustration from a Surgical Treatise of Sharaf al-Din, 1465. Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to a nation and territorial region also commonly referred to as Moorish Iberia. The name describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (often given the generic name of Moors), at various times in the period between 711 and 1492, although the territorial boundaries underwent constant changes due to wars with the Christian Kingdoms. Following the Muslim conquest of Hispania, Al-Andalus was divided into five administrative areas

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