India: Mumtaz Mahal (29 October 1593 - 17 June 1631), consort of Emperor Shah Jahan (5 January 1592 - 22 January 1666), smoking a water pipe while fanned by a servant. Gouache painting, c. 1860. Mumtaz Mahal, born Arjumand Banu Begum, was empress consort to Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Her family was Persian nobility from Agra, and she was the niece of empress Nur Jahan. She was Shah Jahan's second wife, but was his favourite, and together they had 14 children. She died during the birth of their 14th child, and Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for her, a monument to his undying love

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Photo credit: © Pictures From History / Alamy / Afripics
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