Essentials of United States history . ed tothe Union Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, — three borderslave states, — and had defended against the Confederateforces West Virginia and the national capital, the second year of the war Forts Henry andDonelson, New Orleans, and Roanoke Island had been cap-tured by the Union army, and the first contest betweenarmor-clad war-vessels hadtaken place. These en- gagements had all provedsubstantial victories forthe Union cause. Therebythe Federal lines had sweptacross Tennessee, and theMississippi River had beenopened through nearly itsen
Essentials of United States history . ed tothe Union Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, — three borderslave states, — and had defended against the Confederateforces West Virginia and the national capital, the second year of the war Forts Henry andDonelson, New Orleans, and Roanoke Island had been cap-tured by the Union army, and the first contest betweenarmor-clad war-vessels hadtaken place. These en- gagements had all provedsubstantial victories forthe Union cause. Therebythe Federal lines had sweptacross Tennessee, and theMississippi River had beenopened through nearly itsentire length. Neither side had madeany important gains inVirginia. The South haddriven the Union armyfrom the peninsula, andhad gained a decidedvictory at North had been saved from invasion at Antietam. None of the European governments had acknowledgedthe independence of the Confederate States, but several ofthem had given to the Confederacy belligerent rights. The expenses of the war had become so enormous that. General Lee. 292 ESSENTIALS OF UNITED STATES HISTORY both governments had resorted to the use of paper Union Congress, early in 1862, had authorized the issuingUse of of government notes, which were made legal tender Paper in payment of debts. These government bills were Money. called greenbacks because the backs of the billswere printed in green ink. At one time the amount of thesebills in circulation had nearly reached the sum of five huntlredmillion dollars. Each side had, also, issued interest-bearinggovernment bonds amounting to many millions of had not yet passed the bill authorizing the Na-tional Bank Currency. This was done early in 1863. 378. The Real Cause of the War. — The war was notfought between the two sections for the purpose of retain-ing slavery or of abolishing slavery. On the part of theSoutherners, it was to establish a government of their own,separate from the United States. On the part of the nat
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