. Mediæval and modern history . a veryvexatious thing; and (4) trial bymartial law, that is, without jury. Charles was as reluctant to assentto the petition as King John had beento assent to Magna Carta, but he wasat length forced to give sanction toit by the use of the usual formula,Let it be law as desired (1628). 417. Charles rules without Parlia-ment (1629-1640). It soon becameevident that Charles was utterly in-sincere when he gave his assent tothe Petition of Right. He im-mediately violated its provisions inattempting to raise money by for-bidden taxes and loans. For elevenyears he ruled
. Mediæval and modern history . a veryvexatious thing; and (4) trial bymartial law, that is, without jury. Charles was as reluctant to assentto the petition as King John had beento assent to Magna Carta, but he wasat length forced to give sanction toit by the use of the usual formula,Let it be law as desired (1628). 417. Charles rules without Parlia-ment (1629-1640). It soon becameevident that Charles was utterly in-sincere when he gave his assent tothe Petition of Right. He im-mediately violated its provisions inattempting to raise money by for-bidden taxes and loans. For elevenyears he ruled without Parliament,thus changing the government ofEngland from a government by king, Lords, and Commons towhat was in effect an absolute and irresponsible monarchy, likethat of France or of Spain. Prominent among Charles most active agents were his min-isters, Thomas Wentworth, later Earl of Strafford, and WilliamLaud, Bishop of London and later Archbishop of Canterbury,both of whom earned unenviable reputations through their. Fig. 75. Charles I. (Aftera painting by Va/ufyke) 376 THE STUARTS AND THE REVOLUTION [§418 industry and success in building up the absolute power of theirmaster upon the ruins of the ancient institutions of English liberty. The high-handed and tyrannical proceedings of Charles and hisagents were enforced by three iniquitous courts of usurped andarbitrary jurisdiction. These were known as the Council of theNorth, the Star Chamber, and the High Commission Court. ^All these courts sat without jury and, being composed of thecreatures of the king, were of course his subservient their decisions were unjust and arbitrary, their punishmentsharsh and cruel. 418. John Hampden and Ship Money (i637-i638). Amongthe illegal taxes levied during this period of tyranny was a speciesknown as ship money, so called from the fact that in earlytimes the kings, when the realm was in danger, called upon theseaports and maritime counties to contribute ships a
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