. Hazard-rating systems in forest insect pest management : symposium proceedings, Athens, Georgia, July 31-August 1, 1980. Forest insects Biological control United States Congresses; Forest insects United States Analysis; Forest insects United States Management. Unplanted Sites. PERCENT SWEET-FERN Figure 2.—This risk-rating triangle plots the hazard for Saratoga spit- tlebug infestation as a function of the kind and density of alternate host plants as ground cover. At times it will be difficult to dis- tinguish low from moderate risk and moder- ate from high risk. When this situation prevails,
. Hazard-rating systems in forest insect pest management : symposium proceedings, Athens, Georgia, July 31-August 1, 1980. Forest insects Biological control United States Congresses; Forest insects United States Analysis; Forest insects United States Management. Unplanted Sites. PERCENT SWEET-FERN Figure 2.—This risk-rating triangle plots the hazard for Saratoga spit- tlebug infestation as a function of the kind and density of alternate host plants as ground cover. At times it will be difficult to dis- tinguish low from moderate risk and moder- ate from high risk. When this situation prevails, there are two rules of thumb: 1. If this is unplanted land or if trees are shorter than 8 ft tall, favor the greater risk. Otherwise, favor the lesser risk. 2. If bare ground, moss, and/or lichens comprise greater than 25 percent of the ground cover canopy, favor the lesser risk. Helicopter Survey A helicopter survey is useful for risk-rating a large number of established plantations or proposed planting areas. Low-risk areas can be distinguished from moderate- and high-risk areas, and an ex- cellent view of the size and distribution of different risk areas within each plan- tation is possible. HOW TO SELECT A MANAGEMENT STRATEGY After risk-rating an unplanted area or plantation, one decides whether further examination is needed. If the risk is low, the potential damage is also low and further evaluation is unnecessary. If risk is moderate or high, however, fur- ther evaluations, decisions, and actions are warranted. On unplanted land risk-rated moderate or high, one has the options to (1) plant and accept the risk, (2) plant and monitor the insect and control any threatening populations, (3") reduce the alternate hosts for long-term control of the spit- tlebug and then plant, or (4) not plant. The selected strategy should be economi- cally sound. The costs of each strategy should be carefully weighed against the benefits, and a strategy providing an ac- ceptable return
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