Clackmannan and Kinross . tury the name of Culdees had become established asthat of the order of ecclesiastics to whom the priory ofSt Serfs Island, as well as numerous other establishmentsin Scotland and Ireland, belonged. Their monastic ruleswere not, however, of a very strict order and eachmonastery appears to have been practically a time they were in great favour with the monarchs;Macbeth and his queen Gruoch granted to the hermits ofSt Serfs Island—the oldest Culdee establishment in Scot-land—the lands of Kirkness and Portmoak ; and whatis now the old burial ground of Port
Clackmannan and Kinross . tury the name of Culdees had become established asthat of the order of ecclesiastics to whom the priory ofSt Serfs Island, as well as numerous other establishmentsin Scotland and Ireland, belonged. Their monastic ruleswere not, however, of a very strict order and eachmonastery appears to have been practically a time they were in great favour with the monarchs;Macbeth and his queen Gruoch granted to the hermits ofSt Serfs Island—the oldest Culdee establishment in Scot-land—the lands of Kirkness and Portmoak ; and whatis now the old burial ground of Portmoak is the site of a HISTORY 119 monastery which was a secondary establishment ot theisland community, whose priors and canons, indeed, oftenresided at Kinnesswood. Other bequests followed, butlater came the disputes as to rule and discipline between theCuldees of the ancient Celtic Church and the clergy of theRomish church, first introduced by Malcolm and the close ot the tenth century the priory of. The Chapel, St Serfs Island Loch Le\en and its possessions were made over to theBishop of St Andrews on condition that he should supplythe monks with food and raiment; and, in 1145, David Iissued a declaration bestowing the island of Loch Levenon the Canons Regular of St Andrews that they mightestablish a Canonical Order there, and decreeing, further-more, that all the Culdees who should not consent tolive as Regulars should be expelled. The Canons of 120 KINROSS-SHIRE St Andrews held the island till the Reformation, whenit passed into the possession of the Earl of Morton. Itis noteworthy that the old Culdee community at LochLeven gives us the oldest Scottish library catalogue, whichis preserved in the Register of St Andrews. Remainsof the old chapel on St Serfs Island can still be old building is 30 feet by 20 feet, and the door onthe south side is 8 feet high. The ruins were exploredin 1877 ^^*^ ^^^ skeletons were discovered, supposed tobe those of
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