A manual of practical medical electricity : the Röntgen rays and Finsen light . itively charged anode, while thehydrogen atoms, being charged positively, are attractedto the negatively charged kathode ; hence the hydrogenalways goes down, or in the direction of the three laws of electrolysis may be stated asfollows : 1. The electrolytic action of a current is equal at allpoints of a circuit. 2. The amount of gas liberated in a given time isproportional to the average current-strength during that Electro-Physiology 171 time (thus 2 amperes will liberate twice as much gas asI am
A manual of practical medical electricity : the Röntgen rays and Finsen light . itively charged anode, while thehydrogen atoms, being charged positively, are attractedto the negatively charged kathode ; hence the hydrogenalways goes down, or in the direction of the three laws of electrolysis may be stated asfollows : 1. The electrolytic action of a current is equal at allpoints of a circuit. 2. The amount of gas liberated in a given time isproportional to the average current-strength during that Electro-Physiology 171 time (thus 2 amperes will liberate twice as much gas asI ampere). 3. When the same current acts on many electrolytes,the weights of the elements separated by electrolysis arein proportion to the chemical equivalents of these ele-ments. The chemical equivalent of an element is obtained bydividing its atomic weight by its valency. Thus, if wedivide the atomic weight (16) of oxygen by its valency (2),we obtain its chemical equivalent (8). In studying theeffect of the passage of a current through the tissues theselaws are of Fig. 97.—Electrolysis Apparatus. Fig. 97 is that of the arrangement for obtaining thetwo gases separately. There is twice as much gas inthe one tube as in the other, because two volumes ofhydrogen are liberated for one of oxygen (HgO) ; owing,however, to the oxygen being more soluble in water thanthe hydrogen, and to its containing a small amount ofozone, the proportion is not quite accurate. If sodiumchloride be the solution, the sodium will pass to thekathode, and the chlorine to the anode. Put generally, we obtain oxygen and acids at the anode,and hydrogen and alkalies at the kathode. Between theelectrodes no change can be detected. In explanation ofthis phenomenon the following theory, first propoundedby Grotthuss, and modified by Clausius, is the one usuahyaccepted. 172 A Manual of Practical Medical Electricity Theory of Grotthuss and Clausius. The greater number of the particles in an electrolytee
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