The new international encyclopaedia . tube was prevented from forwardmotion by a collar screwed in front of it intothe cast iron. Forward motion of Parsonss tubewas prevented by several shoulders. This wasthe better method, as the t>ibe was thus sup-ported at several points with less danger ofopening the welds between the coils. The Pal-liser system, which was cheaper, was adoptedin England, and many gims converted by it. InAmerica, between 1874 and 1880, many 10-inchguns were so converted into S-inch rifles, com-paring favorably with contemporaneous Europeanrifles. Experiments were made in
The new international encyclopaedia . tube was prevented from forwardmotion by a collar screwed in front of it intothe cast iron. Forward motion of Parsonss tubewas prevented by several shoulders. This wasthe better method, as the t>ibe was thus sup-ported at several points with less danger ofopening the welds between the coils. The Pal-liser system, which was cheaper, was adoptedin England, and many gims converted by it. InAmerica, between 1874 and 1880, many 10-inchguns were so converted into S-inch rifles, com-paring favorably with contemporaneous Europeanrifles. Experiments were made in the conversionof larger calibre guns, in some of which thewelds gave trouble, causing general distrust ofmuzzle-insertion, and the last S-inch convertedrifles had breech-inserted tubes. Variations ofthis conversion system were proposed for originalconstruction, and several such guns were builtand tested, notably the rifle, between1870 and 1880. Cast-iron bodies hooped with MODEL. 1890Ml. STEEL- I3T(JN3 r~Jfoopsji- rote/. Fig. 5. 12-INCH BREECH-LOADISG STEEL MORTAR, Showing modern hooped construction, which is similar to that of guns, except in dimensions and details, arrange- ments, et«. steel were strongly advocated by some, and theUnited States model 1886, 12-inch breech-loadingmortars, made in this wav, are now in service. It was not until 1880 that the first reallymodern guns were commenced in the UnitedStates (by both na\-y and army), and com-mencement of regular manufacture was severalyears later. The establishment of the Army English service from For many years hishoops were formed by coiling a rectangular barof iron helically about a mandrel, and thenclosing and welding the coils together. Thesehoops were shrunk on the tube with initialtension. Whitworth guns were built up of castand forged homogeneous steel hoops withoutshrinkage, the hoops being made slightly taper- ORDNANCE. 68 • Gun Factorv in ISSO may be resarded as theiinal comniiimcnt of th
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