. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 358 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 843. R. Chamaemorus L.—This species is dioecious. The white flowers appear to be visited but seldom, as fruits are rarely seen. According to Wanning, propagation is largely effected by underground shoots. Vahl says that in some parts of Greenland female plants alone occur, and in other parts only males. This state- ment is confirmed by Andersson and Hesselman (' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spets- bergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora
. Handbook of flower pollination : based upon Hermann Mu?ller's work 'The fertilisation of flowers by insects' . Fertilization of plants. 358 ANGIOSPERMAE—DICOTYLEDONES 843. R. Chamaemorus L.—This species is dioecious. The white flowers appear to be visited but seldom, as fruits are rarely seen. According to Wanning, propagation is largely effected by underground shoots. Vahl says that in some parts of Greenland female plants alone occur, and in other parts only males. This state- ment is confirmed by Andersson and Hesselman (' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spets- bergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 18). Such an arrangement is intelligible as a result of the marked vegetative reproduction. In Spitzbergen the species is usually sterile. Female flowers only were seen there in bloom (7. 8. '83 and 23. 7.'98), but no fruits were observed (Andersson and Hesselman, loc. cit.). Schulz states that female flowers with almost normal stamens are found in the Riesengebirge. Visitors.—Schneider observed the humble-bees Bombus alpinus Z. and B. scrimshiranus K. in Arctic Norway (Mus. Aars. Troms0, xvii, 1895). In Dumfriesshire an Empid and 3 Muscids were recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 57).. Fig. 113. ^«^.s arc/i'c«.s, (after E. Warming). A. A flower seen from above. B. Longitudinal section through a flower; the outermost anthers are ripe. C, D, E. Stamens of different series. E. An outermost one. F. A carpel. 844. R. arcticus L.—According to Warming's investigations at Bosekop (Norway) the dark rose-red stellate flowers of this species are slightly protandrous ('Arkt. Vaxt. Biol.,' pp. 37-40). The outer anthers dehisce early, and the stamens are more closely crowded together above the stigmas than in other species of the genus, so that automatic self-pollination necessarily takes place. Propagation is chiefly effected by subterranean shoots. 845. R. serpens Weihe.— Visitors.—Loew saw Apis (skg. and po-cltg.) in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 24
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