. Text book of vertebrate zoology. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative. MAMMALS. 399 Australian regions, and only the giraffes in Africa. The family is not known previous to the lower miocene of Europe, the earliest forms showing relation- ships to the tragulines and antilopes. The musk deer {Moshus, Hydropotes) are without horns, the upper canine is long and projecting, and the male has a ' musk gland' situated beneath the skin of the abdomen. The species be- long to Central Asia. The living muntjacs are also Asiatic, but their ances- tors appeared in the miocene of both hemispheres. Cope and S
. Text book of vertebrate zoology. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative. MAMMALS. 399 Australian regions, and only the giraffes in Africa. The family is not known previous to the lower miocene of Europe, the earliest forms showing relation- ships to the tragulines and antilopes. The musk deer {Moshus, Hydropotes) are without horns, the upper canine is long and projecting, and the male has a ' musk gland' situated beneath the skin of the abdomen. The species be- long to Central Asia. The living muntjacs are also Asiatic, but their ances- tors appeared in the miocene of both hemispheres. Cope and Schlosser regard the group as the ancestors of the true deer and of the antilopes as well. Q;^/;^/?^^, muntjacs of Asia. ^/«^o;«(?r/jr, American miocene. Coso- ryx, American pUocene. The true deer {Cervus) are characterized by the presence of horns. They are usually sub-divided into many subgenera. Axis, Cariacus, Elaphiis, etc., upon characters of minor importance; more dis- tinct are the moose {Alces) and the reindeer or caribou {JRangifer). The deer are largely inhabitants of the northern hemisphere. Con- siderably different is Protoceras from the American miocene, in which there were rudimentary horn cores on the frontals and parietals, and vertical bony plates on the maxillas, while the canines recall those of Tragulus. The giraffes r,G_ jgg. Successive antlers of the red {Giraffa or Camehpardulis, often deer {Cervus elaphus), after Gaudry. grouped as a family, Devexa) have long legs, and short non-deciduous horns. Allied to these in structure, but lacking the characteristic long neck, occur in the European and Asiatic miocene Helladotherinm, Sainotheriuin. Sivatherucvi, with a single large species from the Indian miocene, combines giraffe and antilope characters. In the family Cavicornia the horns are almost always borne by both sexes, and, unlike those of the cervicornia, have the bony horn cores covered with true or epidermal horn. With rare exceptions the horns are
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