. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ign of Calixtus II. The second object which Gregory VII. had in view, was the preservationof Christian civilisation from the Mussulman yoke, by carrying the warinto the East; and the Crusades realised this great design. We may nowsketch in a few lines the part played by the popes during the last centuriesof the Middle Ages. The great Roman families, anxious to obtain power, elected an means of these agitations, Arnold of Brescia, under the pretext ofcreating a Soman republic, established a kind
. Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance. ign of Calixtus II. The second object which Gregory VII. had in view, was the preservationof Christian civilisation from the Mussulman yoke, by carrying the warinto the East; and the Crusades realised this great design. We may nowsketch in a few lines the part played by the popes during the last centuriesof the Middle Ages. The great Roman families, anxious to obtain power, elected an means of these agitations, Arnold of Brescia, under the pretext ofcreating a Soman republic, established a kind of dictatorship in the emperor overthrew this usurper, who was burnt alive; but he set upanti-popes, and Alexander III., when besieged in Rome, declared himselfthe ally of the Lombard cities, the chief of the Guelfs against the Ghibelins,and the champion of Italian liberty. Under his pontificate, it was ordained M M 266 THE POPES. (at the third Council of the Lateran, in 1179, that for the future, thecardinals alone should take part in the election for the pontiff, without. Fig. 213.—Gregory IX. (1227—1241) handing the Decretals, which he had embodied in one work,to an advocate of the Consistory.—Fresco by Eaphael (1515), in the Stanzas at the Vatican. the intervention of the clergy or the people. The Crusades occupied mensminds during the last twenty years of the twelfth century. The thirteenthbegan with one of the most celebrated of the popes, Innocent III., who, THE POPES. 267 following in the footsteps of Gregory VII., made emperors and kingsto tremble by bis threats of excommunication, and preached the crusadeagainst the infidels and the Albigenses. His two successors, Honorius Gregory IX., imitated his zeal and resolution. Gregory IX., amidstthe multifarious cares of his holy office, found time to draw up a newcollection of his own letters and constitutions, and those of his confided this heavy task, which was carried out with remark
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