. Battles and leaders of the Civil War : being for the most part contributions by Union and Confederate officers . ndered its occupation by alarge army impracticable, numerous invasions by smaller forces, principallyof cavalry, were made in order to destroy the salt-works and the railroadcommunications. The very extent of the frontier and its broken surfacemade it difficult of defense, and rendered necessary a larger force of occupationthan was generally available. General Garfields campaign early in 1862 against General HumphreyMarshall has already been described in this work. [See Vol. I., p
. Battles and leaders of the Civil War : being for the most part contributions by Union and Confederate officers . ndered its occupation by alarge army impracticable, numerous invasions by smaller forces, principallyof cavalry, were made in order to destroy the salt-works and the railroadcommunications. The very extent of the frontier and its broken surfacemade it difficult of defense, and rendered necessary a larger force of occupationthan was generally available. General Garfields campaign early in 1862 against General HumphreyMarshall has already been described in this work. [See Vol. I., p. 393.] In December, 1862, General Samuel P. Carter, of Tennessee, and ColonelT. T. Garrard, of Kentucky, crossed the Cumberland Mountains from Ken-tucky with a large force of Federal cavalry and made a raid upon the railroadin east Tennessee, and destroyed the bridges over the Holston and Wataugarivers. General Humphrey Marshall was at that time in command of theDepartment of Western Virginia and Eastern Kentucky. His troops werewidely scattered over the country in order to obtain subsistence, and before 475. 476 OPERATIONS IN EAST TENNESSEE AND SOUTH-WEST VIRGINIA. they could be concentrated the enemy had retreated across the mountainsinto Kentucky. The raiders were prevented from occupying Bristol anddoing further damage by the timely arrival of General Marshalls force, whichpursued to Jonesville. In May, 1862, a much larger invading force of infantry, cavalry, andartillery, numbering several thousand, was led up the Kanawha and New rivers, West Virginia, by General J. D. Cox. Thiscolumn was met at Princeton, in Mercer County,and arrested by General Marshall in an engage-ment on the 16th of May, which resulted in therepulse and retreat of the invading force, whosekilled and wounded were left behind. [See , p. 280.] On the 3d of September, 1863, Burnside occu-pied Knoxville, Tennessee, with his army corps. JNearly all the available Confederate forces hadbeen ordered to
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