The modern world, from Charlemagne to the present time; with a preliminary survey of ancient times . se oftheir ministry. There were laws and decrees interfering withthe education of the priests, with free intercourse between thebishops and the Holy See, and with the Catholic educationof children of mixed marriages. Unfortunately, even some ofthe clergy became tools of absolutism and betrayed the interestsof the Church. Still, in spite of these measures, the first part 606 CENTRAL EUROPE TO 1830 [§626 of the nineteenth century witnessed everywhere in Germanlands a revival of religious fervor.
The modern world, from Charlemagne to the present time; with a preliminary survey of ancient times . se oftheir ministry. There were laws and decrees interfering withthe education of the priests, with free intercourse between thebishops and the Holy See, and with the Catholic educationof children of mixed marriages. Unfortunately, even some ofthe clergy became tools of absolutism and betrayed the interestsof the Church. Still, in spite of these measures, the first part 606 CENTRAL EUROPE TO 1830 [§626 of the nineteenth century witnessed everywhere in Germanlands a revival of religious fervor. Gifted Catholic laymen, likethe brilliant Joseph Goerres, came out boldly in defense of therights of the Church. When in 1837 the government of Prussiawent so far as to arrest the archbishops of Cologne and Gnesenfor their courageous defense of Catholic education, the excite-ment all o^er Germany grew so intense that the bureaucratsin Berlin had to beat a disgraceful retreat. 626. The Liberals. — Meanwhile the demand for greaterpolitical liberty was voiced chiefly by a small group of The Wartburg Castle. students, and professors. A flood of pamphlets, proclamations,books, and periodicals tried to arouse the people as well as thegovernments. Political agitation was especially intense at theuniversities. In October, 1817, the Jena students celebratedwith great pomp the three-hundredth anniversary of Luthersbreak with the Church and the fourth anniversary of the battleof Leipzig. The Wartburg, a castle in the Duchy of Weimar,was the scene of their festivities, which assumed the character §627] THE CARLSBAD DECREES 607 of a political demonstration. The students sang patriotic songs,made a few ardent and foolish speeches, and, in the evening,they threw some old textbooks into a bonfire, — having firstlabeled them with the names of certain reactionary authors,especially hated by the Liberal party.^ Metternich took shrewd advantage of the childish demonstra-tion to adv
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