The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . upreme authority over mission of the military orders in Portugalseemed to fail after the overthrow of Jloslem domina-tion, but the Portuguese expeditions across the seaopened up a new field for them. The first landings ofEuropeans in Africa, the conquest of Ccuta by KingJoijo I (1415), the attacks upon Tangier under Joaosson Duarte (1437), were also crusades, inspired by areligious spirit and sanctioned by similar papal Knigh
The Catholic encyclopedia (Volume 2); an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline and history of the Catholic Church . upreme authority over mission of the military orders in Portugalseemed to fail after the overthrow of Jloslem domina-tion, but the Portuguese expeditions across the seaopened up a new field for them. The first landings ofEuropeans in Africa, the conquest of Ccuta by KingJoijo I (1415), the attacks upon Tangier under Joaosson Duarte (1437), were also crusades, inspired by areligious spirit and sanctioned by similar papal Knights of Aviz and the Knights of Christ, scionsof tlie Knights Templars, achieved deeds of valour,the former under the Infante Fernando, the latterunder Henrique, brother of King Duarte. Fernandodisplayed a no less heroic forbearance during his sixyears of captivity among the Moslems, a long martyr-dom which after his deatli placed him among theBlessed (Acta SS , ,5 June). This splendid enthusiasmdid not last. Soon the whole nation became affectedby the wealth that poured in, and the Crusade degenerated into mere mercantile enterprise;. the pontifical Bulls were made a vulgar means of rais-ing money, and after the grand mastership of the order(1551) had been vesteil in the king in perpetuity, heavailed himself of its income to reward any kind ofservice in the army or the fleet. If the wealth of theKnights of Aviz was not as great as that of theKnights of Christ, it was still quite large, drawn as itwas from some forty-three commanderies. The reli-gious spirit of the knights vanished, and they with-drew from their clerical brothers who continuedalone the conventual life. They were dispensed fromtheir vow of celibacy by Alexander VI (1492), whotolerated their marriage to prevent scandalousconcubinage; Julius III (1551) allowed them to dis-pose freely of their personal properties. Nobilityof birth remained the chief requirement of as-pirants to the mantle, a requirement co
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