. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . an to ocean. The line traffic on the Pacific has had a moreorderly and normal development than upon the At-lantic. It was well established to the Orient uponthe opening of the first transcontinental railroad,and with the building of a new railroad line toeach fresh port there has followed the establish-ment of a new steamship line to the Orient. Thesewill be referred to more fully in the chapter onthe railway steamship line. The evolving ocean service has passed fromthe individual
. The ocean carrier; a history and analysis of the service and a discussion of the rates of ocean transportation . an to ocean. The line traffic on the Pacific has had a moreorderly and normal development than upon the At-lantic. It was well established to the Orient uponthe opening of the first transcontinental railroad,and with the building of a new railroad line toeach fresh port there has followed the establish-ment of a new steamship line to the Orient. Thesewill be referred to more fully in the chapter onthe railway steamship line. The evolving ocean service has passed fromthe individual vessel, operated by its owner inthe merchant-carrier stage, to the common carrierwith a world-embracing system. This evolutionhas been going on during the past century andit can also be seen to-day in all its stages. Thetrading schooner picks its w^ay through Polynesiaand along the shores of many half-civilized private owner still fills his American coastingvessel, sometimes a steamer, with his own lum-ber and sends it off to market. The oil-producerloads his own cargoes of oil in his own ships for. Line Traffic Developments 149 export to foreign countries. A single firm inrecent years has sent a full ship-load of locomo-tives of its own manufacture half-way round theworld for delivery. The west South Americanand Australian trade of New York was, untilrecent years, carried on chiefly by merchantswho loaded their own vessels ^; sometimes fillingthem partly with the cargo of other shippers andsometimes entirely with a cargo of their ownconsignments. The cheapening of steam powersince 1890 has caused the introduction of steamerson these routes between 1890 and 1900, and theoriginal mercantile firms, which began years agoby sending out their own sailing vessels, turnedto the running of lines of steamers. They arenow being competed with in some cases by otherlines which are public carriers only, and the con-tinuance of the merchant as a carrier in theseservices is somethi
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