China: Sima Guang (17 November 1019 - 11 October 1086), Chinese historian, scholar and high chancellor of the Song Dynasty. Handscroll painting, c. 1019-1086. Sima Guang was born in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi to a wealthy family, and obtained early success as a scholar and officer. When he was barely twenty, he passed the Imperial examination with the highest rank of jinshi, spending the next few years in official positions. In 1064, Sima presented to Emperor Yingzong a book of five volumes, the Liniantu or 'Chart of Successive Years', chronicling Chinese history from 403 BCE to 959 CE.
Sima Guang was born in 1019 in present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi to a wealthy family, and obtained early success as a scholar and officer. When he was barely twenty, he passed the Imperial examination with the highest rank of jinshi ('metropolitan graduate), and spent the next several years in official positions. In 1064, Sima presented to Emperor Yingzong of Song a book of five volumes, the Liniantu or 'Chart of Successive Years'. It chronologically summarized events in Chinese history from 403 BCE to 959 CE, and was something like a prospectus for sponsorship of his ambitious project in historiography. These dates were chosen because 403 BCE was the beginning of the Warring States period, when the ancient State of Jin was subdivided, which eventually led to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty; and because 959 CE was the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and the beginning of the Song Dynasty. In 1066, he presented a more detailed 8-volume Tongzhi or 'Comprehensive Records', which chronicled Chinese history from 403 BCE to 207 BCE (the end of the Qin Dynasty). After Yingzong died in 1067, Sima was invited to the palace to introduce his work in progress to Emperor Shenzong of Song. The new emperor confirmed the interest his father had shown, maintaining his support for compiling this comprehensive history for decades until it was completed in 1084.
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