. Sanitary engineering : a guide to the construction of works of sewerage and house drainage, with tables for facilitating the calculations of the engineer. ceof the ground, the earth (except in very severeweather) is warmer than the air, and the heat is trans-mitted upwards by the pipe, and thus prevents thefreezing. A severe winter is always likely to put outof gear all the so-called appliances for cutting off drainsfrom houses, it is therefore imperative that our drainsshould be constructed so that in case of a frost, or ofsnow closing all the air apertures, the system may actperfectly; and
. Sanitary engineering : a guide to the construction of works of sewerage and house drainage, with tables for facilitating the calculations of the engineer. ceof the ground, the earth (except in very severeweather) is warmer than the air, and the heat is trans-mitted upwards by the pipe, and thus prevents thefreezing. A severe winter is always likely to put outof gear all the so-called appliances for cutting off drainsfrom houses, it is therefore imperative that our drainsshould be constructed so that in case of a frost, or ofsnow closing all the air apertures, the system may actperfectly; and an essential feature of safety under theseconditions is the underground traps on the house-drains, * Common salt, which is an excellent disinfectant, may be used withvery great advantage in keeping traps open in the winter time. HOUSE DRAINAGE. 495 when provided with openings for ventilation, or theadmittance of fresh air or the exit of sewer air. The same provisions should be made for the ventila- of urinals as for water closets. Fig. 156 shows an arrangement in a private housein the West End of London, in which the influence Fro. of an induced current was very plainly shown. S isthe soil pipe that was open at its head. D was a pipecommunicating with the soil pipe. B was a tip-uplavatory basin, and U a urinal. Every time the basinB was used, it unsealed the trap of the urinal U, andwater put down the urinal untrapped B. This mutualuntrapping was stopped by the insertion of the venti-lating pipe V. The general details of the construction of water-closets and urinals will be hereafter considered. Theoverflows from cisterns communicating directly with Overflow forcistern. 496 HOUSE DRAINAGE. Weeping holesprovided inoverflows. drains are the frequent cause of much mischief, and,moreover, often lead to the waste of much water. It isquite clear that if the water fittings of a cistern are inperfect working order, no water can overflow by theoverflow pipe, which is
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