Nervous and mental diseases . than these, found abnor- GENERAL ETIOLOGY OF INSANITY. 697 mal palates in 10 per cent, of apparently normal persons, in 82 percent, of idiots and feeble-minded, in 76 per cent, of epileptics, in 80 percent, of cases of insanity in general, in 70 per cent, of the hystericalinsane, and in 35 per cent, of cases of general paralysis. Nacke hasstudied particularly the torus palatinus in 1449 individuals, normal andpsychopathic; he found it present in per cent, of psychopathicwomen (insane, epileptic, idiot, and criminal), per cent, of epilep-tic women, p
Nervous and mental diseases . than these, found abnor- GENERAL ETIOLOGY OF INSANITY. 697 mal palates in 10 per cent, of apparently normal persons, in 82 percent, of idiots and feeble-minded, in 76 per cent, of epileptics, in 80 percent, of cases of insanity in general, in 70 per cent, of the hystericalinsane, and in 35 per cent, of cases of general paralysis. Nacke hasstudied particularly the torus palatinus in 1449 individuals, normal andpsychopathic; he found it present in per cent, of psychopathicwomen (insane, epileptic, idiot, and criminal), per cent, of epilep-tic women, per cent, of criminal women, per cent, of normalwomen. The percentages were smaller in men than in women. Anarrow torus is more common than a broad one. Stiecla examined 1500 skulls for the torus from an anthropologicalpoint of view. The skulls were of Prussians, Armenians, Africans,Frenchmen, Russians, and Asiatics. He decided that it has no anthro-pological significance ; gives no racial distinction. While the torus is. Fig. 287.—Torus palatinus (broad, wide torus). undoubtedly of value as an index of degeneration, particularly where itis well marked, it probably has less importance in this respect thansome of the other forms of pathological palate. Dental Anomalies.—Among anomalies of the teeth are macro-dontism, microdontism, projecting teeth, badly placed or misplacedteeth, double row of teeth, or teeth which are striated transversely orlongitudinally. Caries of the teeth and Hutchinsons teeth are due toneglect or disease. The latter, however, may often be considered as astigma of degeneration. Then there is a retardation of the first andsecond dentition. Anomalies of the Tongue and Lips.—A very large tongue(macroglossus) is not infrequently observed among the lowest classes ofdegenerates, as in idiocy. Sometimes there is microglossus, asymmetryof the two halves, or bifidity of the point. Harelip is somewhat morecommon than cleft-palate, but, like the latter, its
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