. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative; Vertebrates -- Anatomy. 108 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The number of toes varies between two and four ; that of the phalanges is normally 2, 3, 4, 5, reckoning from the first to the fourth digit. The tibia, even from the first, greatly exceeds the fibula in size. Palseontological discoveries prove clearly that the form of the Bird's tarsus has been gradually evolved from that of Dinosauriau-like forms. The foot of Archaaopteryx was very similar to that of existing Birds, though the primitive separation of the tarsal elements
. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative; Vertebrates -- Anatomy. 108 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. The number of toes varies between two and four ; that of the phalanges is normally 2, 3, 4, 5, reckoning from the first to the fourth digit. The tibia, even from the first, greatly exceeds the fibula in size. Palseontological discoveries prove clearly that the form of the Bird's tarsus has been gradually evolved from that of Dinosauriau-like forms. The foot of Archaaopteryx was very similar to that of existing Birds, though the primitive separation of the tarsal elements is 3T „. Fiu. 04.—POSTERIOR EXTREMITY UF BLACKBIRD (). /'">', femur ; T, tibia, united with the fibula (F); t,*, apophyses of the tibia and meta- tarsus, corresponding respectively with the, proximal and distal tarsal-plate : the original division of the metatarsus (Aft) into separate bones is indicated at its distal end at t ; / to IV, first to fourth digits. much clearer, and marked by deeper furrows. The first metatarsal was turned slightly outwards, and the toe itself backwards, like that of most existing Birds. Mammals.—In Mammals the anterior extremity either remains in the condition of a simple organ of locomotion, or it gives rise to a prehensile In the latter case the radius and ulna, instead of being firmly connected together, remain separate, and articulate with one another. The movements of rotation which nre thus rendered possible are spoken of as pronation and supination. 1 In Bats, by the elongation of the fingers, lu'hvpon \vliirli n ' is , it serves for Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Wiedersheim, Robert, 1848-1923; Parker, W. N. (William Newton), d. 1923. London, New York, Macmillan
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