. Dental and oral radiography : a textbook for students and practitioners of dentistry . e protective measures afforded in modern x-ray apparatus. Inasmuch as lead is impervious to therays, it can be used in different forms and in variouspieces of apparatus in such a way as to control or con-fine the rays according to the will of the operator. Tube Shield The most essential piece of protective apparatus isthe tube shield (Fig. 113). This is constructed of leadglass, there being a sufficient amount of lead salts incor-porated in the glass to prevent ordinary rays from pass- X-RAY DANGERS METHOD
. Dental and oral radiography : a textbook for students and practitioners of dentistry . e protective measures afforded in modern x-ray apparatus. Inasmuch as lead is impervious to therays, it can be used in different forms and in variouspieces of apparatus in such a way as to control or con-fine the rays according to the will of the operator. Tube Shield The most essential piece of protective apparatus isthe tube shield (Fig. 113). This is constructed of leadglass, there being a sufficient amount of lead salts incor-porated in the glass to prevent ordinary rays from pass- X-RAY DANGERS METHODS OF PROTECTION 191 ing through it. The sides extend up over the highestpart of the tube and the opening at the top is often cov-ered with a rubber cap, in which lead is also the bottom directly opposite the target of the tube anopening of the proper size is left to allow the desiredrays to pass out. The size of this opening may be con-trolled by interchangeable diaphragms of various sizes,which are constructed of sheet lead about one-sixteenthof an inch in 3D- Fig. 113.—An x-ray tube inclosed within a leaded glass tube shield. This apparatus is usually augmented by a compres-sion cylinder, which is attached to the base of the tubeshield, against or in contact with the lead a cylinder is usually constructed of aluminum witha lead lining, is made in various lengths and diametersaccording to the character of the work for which it is tobe used, and serves the purpose of confining the rayscoming through the diaphragm from the target of thetube. 192 DEXTAL AND ORAL RADIOGRAPHY These pieces of apparatus are usually integral partsof the modern tube stand, sold by all reliable manufac-turers of x-ray apparatus. It should be apparent toanyone that with such apparatus, the only rays whichleave the area of the tube are those which pass through (
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