. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. ne trained in this mannerproduced in 1892 eighty clusters of first qualitygrapes, weighing forty pounds. Another type of Umbrella training has fivemain canes instead of two. Except in verystrong vines, this top is too heavy, and it isprobably never so good as the other (Fig. 305),if the highest results are desired; but for thegrower who does not practice high cultivationit is probably a safer system than the other. The low, or one-wire Kniffin.—A modifica-tion of this Umbrella system is som
. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. ne trained in this mannerproduced in 1892 eighty clusters of first qualitygrapes, weighing forty pounds. Another type of Umbrella training has fivemain canes instead of two. Except in verystrong vines, this top is too heavy, and it isprobably never so good as the other (Fig. 305),if the highest results are desired; but for thegrower who does not practice high cultivationit is probably a safer system than the other. The low, or one-wire Kniffin.—A modifica-tion of this Umbrella system is sometimes used,in which the trellis is only three or four feethigh and comprises but a single wire. A cane often or a dozen buds is tied out in each direction,and the shoots are allowed to hang in essentiallythe same manner as in the True or High Kniffinsystem. The advantages urged for this system MODIFIED KNIFFINS 473 are the protection of the grapes from wind, thelarge size of the fruit due to the small amountof bearing wood, the ease of laying down thevines, the readiness with which the top can be. 30G. Eight-caue Kuiffin. (Diagram. renewed from the root as occasion demands, andthe cheapness of the trellis. The SIX-cane Kniffin.—There are many oldvineyards in eastern New York which are trainedon a six-cane or three-wire system. The gen-eral pruning and management of these vines donot differ from that of the common Kniffin. Verystrong varieties, which can carry an abundance ofwood, may be profitable on this style of train-ing, but it cannot be recommended. A Concordvineyard over thirty years old, comprising 295vines, trained in this fashion, is still thrifty and 474 AMERICAN GRAPE TRAINING, CONCLUDED productive. Twice it has produced crops of sixtons. Eight-CANE Kniffin. — Eight and even tencanes are sometimes left on a single trunk,and are trained out horizontallj^ or somewhatobliquely, as shown in the accompanying dia-gram (Fig. 306). Unless these canes are cutback to fo
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