Elements of animal physiology, chiefly human . k of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of thespinal cokimn, opposite the junction of the dorsal andlumbar vertebrae. The bent or internal borders of the kidneys, whicliare turned a little backwards and towards the spine,contain openings termed hiluses, which give entrance tothe renal arteries and nerves, and exit to the renal veinsand ducts. The human kidnej very closely resembles that of the sheepwith which we are all familiar, but is a little larger, measuriuf^about 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. Eachkidney is surrounded an
Elements of animal physiology, chiefly human . k of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of thespinal cokimn, opposite the junction of the dorsal andlumbar vertebrae. The bent or internal borders of the kidneys, whicliare turned a little backwards and towards the spine,contain openings termed hiluses, which give entrance tothe renal arteries and nerves, and exit to the renal veinsand ducts. The human kidnej very closely resembles that of the sheepwith which we are all familiar, but is a little larger, measuriuf^about 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. Eachkidney is surrounded and protected by a large mass of loose con-nective tissue and fat—as seen in a loin of sheep at the butchers. 313. Cut a sheeps kidney tlirough the middle, longi-tudinallyy from its convex to its concave border, Avith a THE MEDULLARY SUBSTANCE. 143 very sharp knife, and the following structures, passingfrom without inwards, will be observable:— (1.) An external thin membranous covering of connective tissue Cortical substance. ^Infundibulum. , Fig. 64. Longitudinal Section of Human Kidney and SuprarenalCapsule. —the capsule—which passes in at the Idlus and lines its interiorsinus or cavity. (2,) A darker, somewhat spotted, friable layer, about one-fifthof an inch thick, termed the cortical substance, which forms aboutthree-fourths of the substance of the gland. (3.) A. fibrous striated-looking structure, termed the ??ieaz(//ar?/substance, the larger portion of which is collected into the form ofjiyramids (the Malpighian pyramids), the summits of which,termed papillce or mamillw, protrude into the sinus or cavityof the kidney. (4.) A hollow cavity or sinus (dividing into two central anda terminal funnel-shaped portion, termed infundihula) which opensby the pi^lvis into the ureter. This cavity is lined by the capsularmembrane. Those portions of the membrane which line thepapillae are termed the calyces. 314. The Medullary Sutostance of the kidney consists 144
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