. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. prosperity to thattroubled peninsula. Between Italians and Germans there waslittle sympathy: it was an anomaly, indeed, that the kingelected by the Northern nobles should be calling himself HolyRoman Emperor : but theGerman rulers never dis-owned this proud ambition,nor could the Italians resistthem. The condition of theChurch was still corruptand worldly, and the Papacywas in no condition to resistthe constant interference ofthe Emperors in its affairs:—the rule of Christ byCaesar, as was complainedby angry but helplesschurchme
. A history of mediaeval and modern Europe for secondary schools. prosperity to thattroubled peninsula. Between Italians and Germans there waslittle sympathy: it was an anomaly, indeed, that the kingelected by the Northern nobles should be calling himself HolyRoman Emperor : but theGerman rulers never dis-owned this proud ambition,nor could the Italians resistthem. The condition of theChurch was still corruptand worldly, and the Papacywas in no condition to resistthe constant interference ofthe Emperors in its affairs:—the rule of Christ byCaesar, as was complainedby angry but helplesschurchmen. 39. Henry III, the Pope-maker (1039-56). Thepower of the Empire overthe Church seemed at itsheight when, in 1046, HenryIII, a valiant and worthymonarch, held a synod atSutri (near Rome), at which three warring claimants to thePapacy were obliged to present themselves, and to allow himto pass upon their cases. All three would-be pontiffs weredeclared deposed,1 and Henry deliberately appointed a newPope even as he would a palace minister. For the rest of his. THE EMPEROR HENRY IV KNEELING BEFORE THE COUNTESS MATILDA AT CANOSSA IN 1077 {From a miniature in a biography of the countess, finished 1114, and now preserved in the Vatican Library at Rome) 1 There seems little doubt that they were all very unfit men for a great spiritualoffice. 80 HISTORY OF EUROPE reign the Papacy was practically another great imperial office,and seemed likely to continue so for all If this hadcome to pass, the German monarchs would have been Emperors,indeed, — controlling both Church and State. But even in Henrys own time events were tending to under-mine this power. Starting from a famous and sternly disci-plined convent in South France — Cluny — a new spirit ofrighteousness had been sweeping over the Church. One of thevery Popes named by Henry (Leo IX, 1048-54) was an ardentreformer who paved the way for a great revival of papal powerin the next generation. When the Emperor died (105
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