. The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep-sea Expedition (1910); Oceanography; North Atlantic Ocean. INVERTEBRATE BOTTOM FAUNA 47; Several echinoderms occur numerously wherever there are currents. There are quantities of the brittle-stars : Op/iiop/iolis aciileata (see Fig. 335), Ophiocoma nigra, and Ophiura albida. Two species of sea-urchins that live on the hard bottom in the littoral zone are very commo
. The depths of the ocean : a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic. "Michael Sars" North Atlantic Deep-sea Expedition (1910); Oceanography; North Atlantic Ocean. INVERTEBRATE BOTTOM FAUNA 47; Several echinoderms occur numerously wherever there are currents. There are quantities of the brittle-stars : Op/iiop/iolis aciileata (see Fig. 335), Ophiocoma nigra, and Ophiura albida. Two species of sea-urchins that live on the hard bottom in the littoral zone are very common among the skerries on the west coast of Norway, namely Echiims esculentiis and Strongylocen- trotiis drdbackiensis. On the other hand, Echinus acittiis and Parcchinus miliaris^ have a different local distribution, to which I shall allude later. All four species may be found up to low tide mark. _ t 1%^ This is true also of the big dark- brown holothurian Cuciimaj^ia fron- dosa (see Fig. 336), large numbers of which live on the hard bottom among the skerries, and in the outer parts of the fjords, especially where there is a strong current. They fasten them- selves to the rock by means of their suckers, and often have their tentacles stretched out in order to capture pe- lagic organisms, which are afterwards licked off, the animal sticking one tentacle at a time into its mouth. Together with the above forms we find a mussel, Lima hians, which is very characteristic of these localities. It is of interest biologically, because it lives within a nest constructed with the assistance of its byssus out of bits of empty mollusc shells, frag- ments of echinids or serpulids, and similar materials; in fact, no loose substances appear to come amiss. Two starfishes are always present, namely Asterias rubens and A. miilleri. There are other species as well, of course, such as worms and serpulids, but they cannot be called particu- larly characteristic. Here, too, the lobster {Homartts vidga
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