. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. an nevertheless be trained in this manner withsuccess, as the following average yields obtainedby Mr. Barns from 200 vines set in 1881 willshow : 1886 8/^ pounds to the vine. 1887 11% 1888 8 1889 dX 1890 7 1891 16 1892 13 Modifications of the four-cane Kniffin.—Various modifications of this original four-caneKniffin are in use. The Kniffin idea is oftencarelessly applied to a rack trellis. In such cases,several canes were allowed to grow where onlytwo should have been left. Fig. 295 is a co
. The pruning-book; a monograph of the pruning and training of plants as applied to American conditions. an nevertheless be trained in this manner withsuccess, as the following average yields obtainedby Mr. Barns from 200 vines set in 1881 willshow : 1886 8/^ pounds to the vine. 1887 11% 1888 8 1889 dX 1890 7 1891 16 1892 13 Modifications of the four-cane Kniffin.—Various modifications of this original four-caneKniffin are in use. The Kniffin idea is oftencarelessly applied to a rack trellis. In such cases,several canes were allowed to grow where onlytwo should have been left. Fig. 295 is a com-mon but poor style of Kniffin used in some ofthe large new vineyards of western New differs from the type in the training of the MODIFIED KNIFFINS 467 young wood. These shoots, instead of being al-lowed to hang at will, are carried out horizon-tally and either tied to the wire or twisted aroundit. The advantage urged for this modificationis the little injury done by wind, but, as a mat-ter of practice, it affords less protection than thetrue drooping Kniffin, for in the latter the shoots. /<^^ 295. A common but poor type of Kuiffin. from the upper cane soon cling to the lowerwire, and the shoots from both tiers of canesprotect each other below the lower wire. Thereare three serious disadvantages to this holdingup of the shoots,—it makes unnecessary labor,the canes are likely to make wood or bullcanes (see page 450) at the expense of fruit,and the fruit is bunched together on the true and successful Kniffin does not allow 468 AMERICAN GRAPE TRAINING, CONCLUDED the growing shoots to run out on the wn-es inthis way (see page 464). Another common modification of the four-caneKnifiin is that shown in Fig. 296, in which acrotch or Y is made in the trunk. This crotchis used in the belief that the necessary sap sup- ^.^^-^P^^
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