. Atlas and epitome of traumatic . nd outer vertical dislocation, depending on whetherthe cartilaginous surface of the knee-cap presents inwardor outward. Internal vertical displacement is prob-ably the more frequent of the two. It is produced bya direct violence acting from in front or from the side, andis also said to be produced by simple muscular position of the patella is readily recognized when theleg is extended. (c) Complete Inversion of the Patella.—This is arotation through 180 degrees, or, in other words, an ex-aggeration of the vertical dislocation just described. Theart
. Atlas and epitome of traumatic . nd outer vertical dislocation, depending on whetherthe cartilaginous surface of the knee-cap presents inwardor outward. Internal vertical displacement is prob-ably the more frequent of the two. It is produced bya direct violence acting from in front or from the side, andis also said to be produced by simple muscular position of the patella is readily recognized when theleg is extended. (c) Complete Inversion of the Patella.—This is arotation through 180 degrees, or, in other words, an ex-aggeration of the vertical dislocation just described. Thearticular surface of the patella presents forward. The in-jury is exceedingly rare. The diagnosis is difficult, unlessaccurate palpation is possible, and the twisting of the quad-riceps and of the ligamentum patellae can be recognized. (C) Fractures of the Patella. (Plates 61 and 62.) Fractures of the knee-cap are much more common thandislocations. They occur frequently in adults, usually inmales under fifty years of age. 7a/). Xs
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