. Civil war and rebellion in the Roman empire 69-70; companion to the "Histories" of Tacitus . remona by the Vitellians C. The Site of Bedriacum .... D. The Distances in Tacitus, ii. 39, 40 . E. Tacitus as Military Historian 33733833934o346 To Chapter II. F. Valens March to the North ..... 348 To Chapter III. G. Vetera and Harpers Ferry . . 350H. The Flavian Army of the Lower Rhine . . 352 ILLUSTRATIONS Galba (from a Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome)Otho (from a Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome)Vitellius (from a Bust in Vienna) .... Vespasian (from a Bust in the Museo Nazionale,Napl
. Civil war and rebellion in the Roman empire 69-70; companion to the "Histories" of Tacitus . remona by the Vitellians C. The Site of Bedriacum .... D. The Distances in Tacitus, ii. 39, 40 . E. Tacitus as Military Historian 33733833934o346 To Chapter II. F. Valens March to the North ..... 348 To Chapter III. G. Vetera and Harpers Ferry . . 350H. The Flavian Army of the Lower Rhine . . 352 ILLUSTRATIONS Galba (from a Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome)Otho (from a Bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome)Vitellius (from a Bust in Vienna) .... Vespasian (from a Bust in the Museo Nazionale,Naples) ....... Coins of Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian PAGE FrontispieceTo face I ,, i _u „ 138 „ 26l Note.—The busts of Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian are reproducedfrom Rom. Ikonographie ii., by kind permission of Prof. J. J. Bernoulli. MAPS AND PLANS Diagram . Diagram . Diagram . Diagram . The Theatre of War, Plan Diagram . Diagram . The War on the Rhi The Via Postumia Diagram . Diagram . 68-69 le, A D. 69- 70 41 48 no199 To face 230 233299302To face 336339 • 345 • 35i. a bust in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. CHAPTER I THE CAMPAIGN OF OTHO AND THE VITELLIANS After a war one ought to write not only the history of what has happened,but also the history of what was intended ; the narrative would then beinstructive.—Von der Goltz. § i. The Origins of the Civil War Soon after daybreak on the 9th of June 68the Roman Emperor Nero died by his own who had been for thirteen years the master ofthe Roman world ended his life in squalor and inmisery, with only three freed slaves and a treacherouscenturion present to watch his death. He who wasthe last descendant of Julius Caesar, the last Princeof the Julian line, enjoyed for resting-place on thelast evening of his life the gloomy undergroundcellar of a villa in the suburbs of his capital; for thefurniture of his death-chamber a scanty mattressand a ragged quilt; for the final banquet a littleluk
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