. A manual of zoology. Zoology. ir. VERTEDRATA: AVES, CARINAT^. G15 webbed feet, they are excellent swimmers and divers. Either all four toes are connected by the web (totipalmate, fig. 643,1), or only the three anterior toes are webbed (palmate, fig. 643, h), or the three toes are each bordered with a swimming membrane (lobate, fig. 643, /()• Thus the foot struc- ture gives distinctions which forbid a closer association of the families, and this is strengthened by differences of wing and beak. On the other hand palatal structures show that here, as in the Grallatores, very diverse forms are a
. A manual of zoology. Zoology. ir. VERTEDRATA: AVES, CARINAT^. G15 webbed feet, they are excellent swimmers and divers. Either all four toes are connected by the web (totipalmate, fig. 643,1), or only the three anterior toes are webbed (palmate, fig. 643, h), or the three toes are each bordered with a swimming membrane (lobate, fig. 643, /()• Thus the foot struc- ture gives distinctions which forbid a closer association of the families, and this is strengthened by differences of wing and beak. On the other hand palatal structures show that here, as in the Grallatores, very diverse forms are associated. Section I. Lamellirostres (.\nseriformes), feet palmate; the beak soft- skinned up to the hard tip, its margins with transverse horny plates. Anas hosehas* wild duck, source of domestic breeds. A. molllssima, eider; Aiiser* goose (domestic derived from A. ferns). Cyijnns* swans. Sec- tion 11. TuBiNARES (Longipennes), predaceous birds with strong beak, tubular nostrils, palmate feet, and long wings capable of rapid and pro- longed flight. I>«o;nerfca, albatross; Larus * gn\\s,\ Sterna * tevns. Sec- tion III. Urinatores. Birds with small wings, sometimes reduced to flippers, and upright position owing to position of the legs far back. The Alcid^e {Alca iinpennis* the great auk, exterminated in the nineteenth century), which are northern and are related to the gulls, and the antarctic iMPENNES (Apteiiodytes — fig. 644, penguin) agree in having palmate feet, but otherwise differ greatly in structure. Some of the Colymbid^e {Urinator* loons) have palmate feet, others (CoZym^MS,* grebes) have lobate feet. Section IV. Stegano- PODES, with totipalmate feet. Pele- canun* pelicans; Phalarocorax,* cormorants; Phaethon,'* tropic birds. Sub Order IV. GRALLATORES. The wading birds affect swampy lands and the shores of the sea, ponds and streams, their legs being lengthened, chiefly by elongation of the tarso-metatarsus, the feet semi- palmate (fig, 643, a), and the feath-
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