The co-operative movement in Russia; its history, significance and character . less to say, theobstacles placed by the authorities could not stop theunification of the various societies, which was animperative necessity of the movement, and means weresoon found of circumventing the ruling of the was made by the societies of the Laws on Agreements,and instead of asking for permission to form a union thesocieties simply signed an agreement constituting them-selves, practically speaking, a union. In this way TheAssociation of Consumers Societies of South Russia wasformed in 1912,
The co-operative movement in Russia; its history, significance and character . less to say, theobstacles placed by the authorities could not stop theunification of the various societies, which was animperative necessity of the movement, and means weresoon found of circumventing the ruling of the was made by the societies of the Laws on Agreements,and instead of asking for permission to form a union thesocieties simply signed an agreement constituting them-selves, practically speaking, a union. In this way TheAssociation of Consumers Societies of South Russia wasformed in 1912, The Trading Association of Co-opei-a-tive Societies of the Province of Perm in the sameyear, and The Transbaikal Trading Association in1913. In 1913 the Articles of the Petrograd Union ofConsumers Societies were submitted for apj)roval to theauthorities. Along with tlie district unions, unions covering smallerareas were organisetl. These were fonned either on thebasis of a mutual agreement or on the basis of one societytaking upon itself the functions of the central depot,. X. \. Tl HAiKUVSKY. CO-OPEKATIOX IN RUSSIA, 71 having receivcfl the necessary permission to accept as mem-bers not only individuals, but also societies. In this wayoriginated the Vinnitza, Jmerinka, and some other unionsof consumers. Agricultural Unions. The Agricultural Societies play the same part in tlic\\ork of agricultural co-operation which the Unions ])layin other branches of co-operative activity. The most important of these societies whose workis known all over Russia are the Free Economic Societyof Petrograd, the Chamber of Agriculture,and the Moscow Agricultural Society. The Free EconomicSociety is one of the oldest institutions in Russia- overioO years in existence. Its ]jresident is N. V. Tchaikovsky,one of the leaders of Russian Co-operation. Of the other agricultural societies doing i)ractical work,mention should be made of the societies at Riga, Petrograd,Esthonia, North Finland
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