. Electric railway journal . s suspended about3 ft. above the floor by means of a rope sling attachedat the balancing center. This places the axle at a con-venient height for sledging and leaves both ends free. Afairly hard blow is then struck near the center of theaxle, using a 10-lb. or 15-lb. sledge, the weight depend-ing somewhat upon the size of the axle. Practice soonteaches one the size of sledge and force of blow to use,to produce the best results. With the axle suspendedfree to vibrate, the sledging renders visible any flawsand fractures which exist no matter how small, be-cause the l
. Electric railway journal . s suspended about3 ft. above the floor by means of a rope sling attachedat the balancing center. This places the axle at a con-venient height for sledging and leaves both ends free. Afairly hard blow is then struck near the center of theaxle, using a 10-lb. or 15-lb. sledge, the weight depend-ing somewhat upon the size of the axle. Practice soonteaches one the size of sledge and force of blow to use,to produce the best results. With the axle suspendedfree to vibrate, the sledging renders visible any flawsand fractures which exist no matter how small, be-cause the lampblack or plumbago which has been re-tained in the cracks or flaws shows through the whitelead. The axles are carefully scrutinized all over andespecially at the points adjacent to the keyway and fil-lets, and at that portion concealed under the wheel andgear seats. In the last of the accompanying illustrations, therewere three fractures visible, one above the keyway andtwo below. On the other side of the axle and opposite. WIPE OFF LAMPBLACK WITH DRY WASTE, PAINT WITH WHITE LEAD, SUSPEND FROM CENTER, STRIKE BLOW WITH SLEDGE, AND DEFECTS WILL APPEAR THROUGH WHITE PAINT 1026 ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL [Vol. XLVI1I, No. 20 these two fractures, there was another small fractureabout V4 in. long at the right side of the keyway. Frac-tures due to service crystallization travel around theaxle and not directly through it, but their depth mayvary. Five axles with defects of this type were re-cently discovered in a period of ten days, and prac-tically all of the defects originated at the keyway. Thisis evidence that keyways should be dispensed with andthat solid gears should be used in place of split also suggests the importance of considering increasesin the diameters of axles at the wheel and gear seats. A large number of our city car axles are made fromworn-out interurban axles, that is, those on which thejournals have become undersized and unsafe for furtherinterurban use. T
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