Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . ues by simple lettering in black. The groundwork for the construction of a model is a goodcontour map, in addition to which the modeler should possessa fair knowledge of the topography of the country, obtainedby personal inspection, and he should have at hand goodhachured maps and photographs which will aid him in inter-preting the topographic forms. It is the personal expres-sion that is brought into a model, by the appreciation ofthe country obtained fro
Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . ues by simple lettering in black. The groundwork for the construction of a model is a goodcontour map, in addition to which the modeler should possessa fair knowledge of the topography of the country, obtainedby personal inspection, and he should have at hand goodhachured maps and photographs which will aid him in inter-preting the topographic forms. It is the personal expres-sion that is brought into a model, by the appreciation ofthe country obtained from a knowledge of it, which resultsin the difference between a good and a bad model of thesame region as produced by two modelers from the same treatment of the vertical or relief element required torepresent the individuality of a given district is especially im-portant. 199. Modeling the Map.—The amount of relief to begiven a model, that is, the amount of exaggeration in verticalscale as compared with the horizontal, is a question of greatimportance. The tendency is always to exaggerate the ver- MODEL AND RELIEF MAPS. 481. W — u O u o - ^ - -. -^ MODELING THE MAP. 483 tical element too much, the result of which is to produce afalse effect by diminishing the proportionate width of valleys,thus making the country seem more rugged and mountainousthan it is. Another effect is to make the area of the regionrepresented appear small, all idea of the extent of the countrybeing lost. Messrs. E. E. Howell and Cosmos Mindeleff, ofWashington, D. C, two of the most expert model-map-makers, agree that it is almost impossible under most circum-stances to use too low relative relief. Mr. Mindeleff says thaton a scale of six inches to a mile no exaggeration at all isnecessary, the ratio of vertical to horizontal scale being as1 to I. For smaller scales than this the vertical exaggerationmay be 2 to i or 3 to i. He says further that *the absoluteand not the relative amount of relie
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, bookpublishernewyorkjwiley, map
