. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 52. Phcidolc instabilis. (Original.) a. Soldier ; b-e. intermediate worker?/, typical worker (micrergate) ; g, dealated female; /;. male. 9° ANTS. M>cial Ilymcnoptera, seems to be evident from the fact that the male-usually if not always develop from unfertilized, the females fromfertilized eggs. While the 1 nunble-bees and wasps show us the ancient stages inthe development of polymorphism, the ants as a group, with the ex-ception of a few parasitic genera that have secondarily lost thischaracter, are all completely polymorphic. It is
. Ants; their structure, development and behavior. FIG. 52. Phcidolc instabilis. (Original.) a. Soldier ; b-e. intermediate worker?/, typical worker (micrergate) ; g, dealated female; /;. male. 9° ANTS. M>cial Ilymcnoptera, seems to be evident from the fact that the male-usually if not always develop from unfertilized, the females fromfertilized eggs. While the 1 nunble-bees and wasps show us the ancient stages inthe development of polymorphism, the ants as a group, with the ex-ception of a few parasitic genera that have secondarily lost thischaracter, are all completely polymorphic. It is conceivable that the. FIG. 53. Cryf>toccrus rarians. (Original.) a. Soldier: b. same in profile: c. headof same from above ; d. worker ; e. female : /, male. development of different castes in the female may have arisen inde-pendently in each of the three groups of the social Hymenoptera, al-though it is equally probable that they may have inherited a tendencyto polymorphism from a common extinct ancestry. On either hypoth-esis, however, we must admit that the ants have carried the develop-ment of the female castes much further than the social bees and wasps. POLYMORPHISM. 91 since they have not only produced a wingless form of the worker, inaddition to the winged female, or queen, but in many cases also twodistinct castes of workers known as the worker proper and the soldier. Different authors have framed very different conceptions of thephylogenetic beginnings of social life among the Hymenoptera andconsequently also of the phylogenetic origin and development of poly-morphism. Thus Herbert Spencer (18
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Keywords: ., bo, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectants, bookyear1910
