. Lessons in nature study. Nature study. GASES 155 to find out that it is a gas flame, the brilliant light being pro- duced by minute particles of carbon becoming incandescent as the}' pass from the central portion, where no combustion is going on, thru the part lying just outside of this where the gases are in active combustion. The gases which burn and the carbon which thus makes the light and is finally consumed, are all from tiie oil of the candle being decomposed into these products by the heat, just as the same products are made out of coal by heat in the process of the manufacture of il
. Lessons in nature study. Nature study. GASES 155 to find out that it is a gas flame, the brilliant light being pro- duced by minute particles of carbon becoming incandescent as the}' pass from the central portion, where no combustion is going on, thru the part lying just outside of this where the gases are in active combustion. The gases which burn and the carbon which thus makes the light and is finally consumed, are all from tiie oil of the candle being decomposed into these products by the heat, just as the same products are made out of coal by heat in the process of the manufacture of illuminating gas, and in the mak- ing of gas out of wood in the experiments already given. None of these facts is to be told at first. By cutting a few candles in- to short pieces each pupil can have his own flame to study. Let each try to make out the parts of the flame (fig. 82). It will be found that there are four: the blue cup at the bottom; a thin, almost transparent outer sheet of flame; a brilliant light- giving part just underneath this; and a dark central portion. In the dark central portion is a mass of gases charged with black floating particles of carbon (smoke). If a sheet of paper held horizontally is suddenly thrust down on the flame to about its middle and held for a short time, but removed just before it breaks Fig. 82. Candle flame showing the four into a flame, a Tound ring is fhTmeSS^oliyiJi^dng'a^VanTubf scorchcd ou the paper corres- d"c°tou?t1fega''s°''*'°'"°*'"""'"'°'°"' ponding to the two outer coats. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Jenkins, Oliver Peebles; Kellogg, Vernon L. (Vernon Lyman), 1867-1937. joint author. San Francisco, The Whitaker & Ray Company
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