. Journal. furnaces,each heated by 22 gas-burneis and containing 2riiws of o vertical cracking tubes (Hi ft. long and in. in diameter), , 60 tubes in all : each tubewas pro\-ided with a separate oil-feed and con-Ueneer, the arrangement being as shovna in the accompanying figure. The removal of depositedcarlion from the walls of each tube was effectedduring operation by means of wiping chainsattached spirally to a central rotary stirring rod,this device re<|uuing to be removed and cleanetle\ery few days. Tlie oil was fed at the rate ofabout 15 galls, per tube per hour in the benzene-tolu
. Journal. furnaces,each heated by 22 gas-burneis and containing 2riiws of o vertical cracking tubes (Hi ft. long and in. in diameter), , 60 tubes in all : each tubewas pro\-ided with a separate oil-feed and con-Ueneer, the arrangement being as shovna in the accompanying figure. The removal of depositedcarlion from the walls of each tube was effectedduring operation by means of wiping chainsattached spirally to a central rotary stirring rod,this device re<|uuing to be removed and cleanetle\ery few days. Tlie oil was fed at the rate ofabout 15 galls, per tube per hour in the benzene-toluene process, and at double this rate in thogasoline process ; in both processes a much higherrate coxUdbe used aft-er preheating the oil. A largenumber of petroleum oils, ranging in character(vyxn crude oils tl gas oils and cylinder stocks,were used and. as in the case of laboratory experi-ments, the reactions desired were found to bepractically independent of the kind of oil em- -Prossxir* r«bef va^vwO0 1. ployed. The benzene-toluene process was aJaoefficiently operated on other Uquid hydrocarbonmaterials such as solvent naphthas and liglit oildistillates from water-gas tais and coal tar. Apartfrom the greater j-ields obtainable from thesematerials (2 or 3 times that from ordinarj- petro-leuni oils), the use of light oil distillates was foundto be advantageotis on account of the decreasedcarbonisation and the lower pressure requiied forthe conversion, the results being as favourable atatmospheric pressure or with a vacuum as withhigher pressures. As regards gas formation. 40 to(iO cub. ft. of permanent gas was generated pergallon of oil cracked in the benzene-toluene pro-cess ; and since only 250 to 300 cub. ft. per tubeper hour was required for the furnaces, a largesurplus of gas of high calorific value (1000— per cub. ft.) was available for generalplant purposes and other industrial uses. Verysmall amounts of gas were produced in the ga-s^ne lOM Cl. 11a.—fuel
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1880, booksubjectchemist, bookyear1882
