Fifty years of Europe, 1870-1919 . rman, that the Czar was meditating a separatepeace with Germany. Charges of incompetence anddishonesty were made against certain officials. The^leading members of the Duma demanded that a re-sponsible ministry be created, a demand supported bythe army and the people, and that radical changesbe made in the Government in the direction of greaterefificiency, such as were being made in France andEngland. In February 100,000 workingmen went onstrike in Petrograd, and 25,000 in Moscow. An acutefood crisis developed and lawless raids on bakeriesoccurred. When ordere


Fifty years of Europe, 1870-1919 . rman, that the Czar was meditating a separatepeace with Germany. Charges of incompetence anddishonesty were made against certain officials. The^leading members of the Duma demanded that a re-sponsible ministry be created, a demand supported bythe army and the people, and that radical changesbe made in the Government in the direction of greaterefificiency, such as were being made in France andEngland. In February 100,000 workingmen went onstrike in Petrograd, and 25,000 in Moscow. An acutefood crisis developed and lawless raids on bakeriesoccurred. When ordered to fire on the mobs someof the soldiers refused to do so, an ominous sign. OnMarch 11 the Czar dissolved the Duma, wishing toget rid of it. But the Duma refused to dissolve. Arevolution was in full swing. There was considerablestreet fighting, the police being the particular objectsof popular wrath. Revolutionary bands capturedsome important buildings and seized the prime min-ister Golitzin, and a former prime minister Stiirmer,. Aug I915.~ —.Rg6si«nadvane«——•• Oallda |9IS—-rScale in Miles 378 FIFTY YEARS OF EUROPE under suspicion as being involved in pro-German in-trigues. The Duma now effected a coup detat, voting*to establish a Provisional Government. The Czarwas informed of this change andrequired to he did on March 15. ThuVeiided the reign ofNicholas II, the last of the Romanoffs, a family whichhad ruled in Russia for three hundred years andmore.^ The Provisional Government was a coalition rep-resenting the three different parties which had hadmost to do with bringing about this surprising Lvoff, the head of the ministry, representedthe business men and landowners of a liberal type,Paul Milyukoff, minister of foreign affairs, long as-sociated with Russian reform movements, representedthe Constitutional Democratic party, and Kerenskyrepresented the third group, namely, the soldiers andworkingmen. Kerensky wa


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Keywords: ., boo, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectworldwar19141918