. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography 182 SUBSTRATE RESPONSE TO HYDRAULIC PROCESS SANDY HOOK 0 2 0 t . i ' ROCKAWAY 8. e o © FIGURE 2 5. (A) Profile across the Hudson estuary mouth (mouth oj New York Harbor) contoured for velocity residual to the tidal cycle. The flow pattern is a resultant response to component flow patterns shown in (B) and (C). (B)'Schematic diagram oj two-layered, estuarine flow pattern. (C) Schematic diagram oj com- ponent oj flow pattern resulting jrom phase lag o
. Collected reprints / Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories [and] Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories. Oceanography 182 SUBSTRATE RESPONSE TO HYDRAULIC PROCESS SANDY HOOK 0 2 0 t . i ' ROCKAWAY 8. e o © FIGURE 2 5. (A) Profile across the Hudson estuary mouth (mouth oj New York Harbor) contoured for velocity residual to the tidal cycle. The flow pattern is a resultant response to component flow patterns shown in (B) and (C). (B)'Schematic diagram oj two-layered, estuarine flow pattern. (C) Schematic diagram oj com- ponent oj flow pattern resulting jrom phase lag oj tidal wave. From Duedall et al. (in press), after Kao (1975). nental margin sedimentation patterns, it is useful to keep in mind some generalizations presented by Allen (1966; 1968a, pp. 50-53; 1968b). Allen, following Bagnold (1956), notes that the grain-fluid system is a decidedly multivariate one, and that we should expect to find co- existing instabilities of several different modes and scales. Flows that experience both transverse and streamwise perturbations may develop bed form associations consisting of two different bed form types, for instance a reticulate pattern with sand waves overprinted on sand ridges. Likewise, flows tend to experience one or more instability modes at several different spatial scales, resulting in a bed form hierarchy as, for instance, in the case of the Diamond Shoals sand wave field (Hunt et al., in press), where photos show that current ripples are superimposed on sand waves (Fig. 10) and sidescan sonar records show in turn that sand waves are superimposed on giant sand waves (Fig. 28). Elaborate hierarchical associations of bed forms occur over vast areas of the earth's surface, in subaerial sand seas (Wilson, 1972), and also in widely disparate environments on the continental margin (com- pare Fig. 29 with Fig. 30). The physical scale at which bed forms occur affects their response characteristics, and in turn the flow fre- quency to whi
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