Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . tal circles reading with verniers to 30seconds were employed. All notes, as rapidly as obtained bymeasurement and by angulation, were plotted with an 8inch protractor (Art. 89) and boxwood scale on the fielddrawing-board. Previously there had been plotted on thefield sheets the primary triangulation and primary traverselocations (Chaps. XXY and XXIII) with lengths and azi-muths of lines joining stations, and elevations of precise-level bench-marks. The par
Topographic surveying; including geographic, exploratory, and military mapping, with hints on camping, emergency surgery, and photography . tal circles reading with verniers to 30seconds were employed. All notes, as rapidly as obtained bymeasurement and by angulation, were plotted with an 8inch protractor (Art. 89) and boxwood scale on the fielddrawing-board. Previously there had been plotted on thefield sheets the primary triangulation and primary traverselocations (Chaps. XXY and XXIII) with lengths and azi-muths of lines joining stations, and elevations of precise-level bench-marks. The party organization consisted of atopographer, a recorder, a draftsman, a levelman, and twostadiamen. As rapidly as the topographer read azimuths,distances, and vertical angles, the draftsman plotted the same,and the recorder worked out elevations furnished by thetopographer and the levelman. After all observations hadbeen taken and the horizontal locations and elevations plotted,the contours were drawn in on the field board by the topog-rapher, and the party moved to the next station. The total 66 SUKVEYING FOR DETAILED OR SPECIAL COST OF LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS. ^7 area of topographic survey was square miles, in whichthere were located 213 miles of streets and alleys, 1147 pre-cise points were occupied, 2320 stadia stations occupied, and134,209 sights were taken, the average being 10 per acre. 28. Cost of Large-scale Topographic Surveys.—Special topographic surveys are usually prosecuted with aview to showing all the topographic details of a limited area,and are executed with such minuteness that the resulting mapmay be plotted on a large scale. Not uncommonly such sur-veys are of cadastral thoroughness, and the results may thenbe plotted on such a scale as will permit of showing in planthe minutest detail of houses and other structures. Such a survey is the British Ordnance survey, plotted ona scale of i : 2500, and the topographic and cadastral surveysof t
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