. How to know wild fruits; a guide to plants when not in flower by means of fruit and leaf. Buckthorn Family Fruit.— The berrylike drupes grow in are globose, somewhat flattened, black, andshining. The pulp and juice of the fruits are apeculiar green. The three or four inclosed nut-lets are grooved. The drupes are bitter andnauseating. August. Leaves. — The leaves are broadly ovate withprominent, sometimes hairy, veins, are finely toothed. Floioers. — The small greenish flowers aredioecious. They appear a little later than theleaves. May, June. This is a shrub or sma
. How to know wild fruits; a guide to plants when not in flower by means of fruit and leaf. Buckthorn Family Fruit.— The berrylike drupes grow in are globose, somewhat flattened, black, andshining. The pulp and juice of the fruits are apeculiar green. The three or four inclosed nut-lets are grooved. The drupes are bitter andnauseating. August. Leaves. — The leaves are broadly ovate withprominent, sometimes hairy, veins, are finely toothed. Floioers. — The small greenish flowers aredioecious. They appear a little later than theleaves. May, June. This is a shrub or small tree ten or fifteenfeet high. The lower branches, while leafy, areshort and stiff and end in sharp points, reallyserving the purposes of thorns. The berries were formerly used in medicinesas a purgative, but are so severe *in their actionthat their use in this direction is now confinedto veterinary practice. A green dye is yieldedby the ripe berries, a purple dye by the over-ripefruit, a yellow dye by the fresh bark, and abrown one by the dried bark. 206 HOW TO KNOW WILD FEUITS. Buckthorn {Rhamnus cathartica) The plant is an escape from hedges in NewEngland and the Middle States, and was intro- BLACK OR DARK PURPLE 207 duced originally from Europe. It is also a nativeof northern Asia. LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORNRhamnus lanceolata Buckthorn Family Fruit — This berrylike drupe has two groovednutlets. It is black and shining. The fruitsare in the leaf axils, sometimes in clusters oftwo or three. Leaves. — The leaves are the flowering shoots the leaf apex is oftenobtuse. The leaves are finely toothed and some-what hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers. — The yellowish green blossoms aresolitary or clustered in the leaf axils. May. The Lance-leaved Buckthorn grows alongbanks of streams and on hills from Pennsyl-vania southward. It is a tall, thornless shrub. ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORNRhamnus alnifolia Buckthorn Family Fruit. — The black berrylike drupes ar
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