History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ependence. By the end of the Seven Years War (1763) thecolonists numbered over two millions. Their rapidly increasing How England became Queen of the Ocean 639 wealth and strength, their free life in a new land, the confidencethey had gained in their successful conflict with the French,—all combined to render interference of the home governmentintolerable to them. 948. Navigation had, like Spain,France, and other colonizingcountries, enacted a numberof navigation and trade lawsby which she tried t
History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . ependence. By the end of the Seven Years War (1763) thecolonists numbered over two millions. Their rapidly increasing How England became Queen of the Ocean 639 wealth and strength, their free life in a new land, the confidencethey had gained in their successful conflict with the French,—all combined to render interference of the home governmentintolerable to them. 948. Navigation had, like Spain,France, and other colonizingcountries, enacted a numberof navigation and trade lawsby which she tried to keepall the benefits of colonialtrade and industry to her-self. The early navigationlaws passed under Cromwelland Charles II were speciallydirected against the enter-prising Dutch traders. Theyprovided that all productsgrown or manufactured inAsia, Africa, or Americashould be imported into Eng-land or her colonies only inEnglish ships. Thus if aDutch merchant vessel ladenwith clovffi, cinnamon, teas,and silks from the Far Eastanchored in the harbor ofNew York, the inhabitants. Fig. 164. The Elder Pitt Pitt, Earl of Chatham, more than anyother one man, was responsible for thevictories of England in the Seven YearsWar. A great orator, as well as a shrewdstatesman, he inspired his country withhis own great ideals. He boldly upheldin Parliament the cause of the Americancolonists, but died in 1778 before he couldcheck the policy of the king could not lawfully buy of the ships master, no matter how much lower his prices were thanthose offered by English shippers. Furthermore, another act pro-vided that no commodity of European production or manufactureshould be imported into any of the colonies without being shippedthrough England and carried in ships built in England or thecolonies. So if a colonial merchant wished to buy French winesor Dutch watches, he would have to order through English 640 History of Europe merchants. Again, if a colonist desired to sell to a Europeanmerchan
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