. Elements of physiological psychology; a treatise of the activities and nature of the mind, from the physical and experimental points of view . 307, 603; 1896, XII, 67; and Filehne,ZeUschr. f. Psychol., 1898, XVII, 15. Baumesthetik und geometrische Tauschungen, 1897; Zeitschrift f. Psychol.,1898, XVIII, 405; 1905, XXXVIII, 241. 450 PRESENTATIONS OF SENSE jected into the figures, or felt in them. Always there is present,in the apprehension of a figure, an expansion of the mental graspto include all of the figure, and an opposed bounding or limitingactivity, by which the figure is distinguished
. Elements of physiological psychology; a treatise of the activities and nature of the mind, from the physical and experimental points of view . 307, 603; 1896, XII, 67; and Filehne,ZeUschr. f. Psychol., 1898, XVII, 15. Baumesthetik und geometrische Tauschungen, 1897; Zeitschrift f. Psychol.,1898, XVIII, 405; 1905, XXXVIII, 241. 450 PRESENTATIONS OF SENSE jected into the figures, or felt in them. Always there is present,in the apprehension of a figure, an expansion of the mental graspto include all of the figure, and an opposed bounding or limitingactivity, by which the figure is distinguished from surrounding activities are felt as belonging to the figure, and their balancedetermines the apparent length of a line. But the presence ofother lines, as in the Miiller-Lyer figure, leads to expansions andlimitations which are appropriate enough as applied to the wholefigure, but not as applied to the particular lines which are to becompared. In many cases, besides these expanding and limitingtendencies, other tendencies, drawn from the dynamics of nature,are felt in the figures. Thus, a vertical line suggests a struggle. Fia. 144.—A Test of the Dynamic Theory. against gravity, and the gravity-feeling in it affects its apparentlength. The same conceptions are applied by Lipps to the aes-thetics of simple forms, and to architecture. A difficulty with the dynamic theory is that it tends to run tofanciful explanations. It explains too easily and too much; it couldoften be just as well applied if the illusions were the opposite ofwhat they are; for the dynamics of these figures is usually quite am-biguous. For example, a vertical line may be thought of as stand-ing upright or as hanging downward; its relations to gravity areopposite in the two cases; if gravity tends to compress it in the firstcase, it tends to stretch it in the second, and therefore oppositeillusions ought to result from the two ways of looking at it. InFig. 144, therefore, there should appear
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